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Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer is treated in our Thyroid Cancer Program and our Head and Neck Cancer Program within the Upstate Cancer Center.

有关我们癌症护理的更多信息或问题的答案，请致电 315 464-HOPE (4673) 和北州癌症中心的代表谈谈.

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Thyroid Cancer Program
Head & Neck Cancer Program
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Definition

甲状腺癌起源于颈部一个叫做 thyroid. The thyroid gland makes hormones. 癌症可以改变荷尔蒙的状态 释放并引起一系列症状.

Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid tumor
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甲状腺癌有几种类型:

  • 乳头状癌(最常见的类型)-通常生长非常缓慢，但经常扩散到淋巴结.
  • 滤泡性癌(第二常见的类型)-它通常停留在甲状腺, 但可以扩散到身体的其他部位. 常见的扩散区域包括肺部和骨骼. 它通常不会扩散到淋巴结. 这种类型的甲状腺癌在早期发现时通常是可以治愈的.
  • 间变性癌(罕见的甲状腺癌)-迅速侵入颈部和身体其他部位. This form is often fatal.
  • 甲状腺髓样癌(MTC) -常扩散到淋巴结, lungs, 或者在发现甲状腺肿块之前检查肝脏. There are 2 types of MTC:
    • Sporadic MTC
    • 家族性甲状腺髓样癌(FMTC)
  • 甲状腺淋巴瘤(罕见类型的甲状腺癌)

Causes

当细胞生长和发育失去控制或秩序时，癌症就发生了. The cells grow and form a tumor. 然后它会扩散到附近的组织. 癌细胞也可以扩散到身体的其他部位. 目前还不清楚是什么导致了这些细胞的发育. 遗传和环境可能共同起了作用.

Risk Factors

甲状腺癌在女性中更为常见. It is more common in 年龄在30岁及以上的人，但可能发生在任何年龄. Things that may raise the risk of thyroid cancer include:

  • A diet low in iodine
  • 放射:过去对头部、颈部或胸部的放射，尤指在婴儿期或儿童期
  • Family history of thyroid cancer
  • Obesity
  • Acromegaly—excess growth hormone
  • Sjogren syndrome
  • 暴露于核事故或核试验区的放射性沉降物中 during childhood

Symptoms

Thyroid cancer may cause:

  • 颈部肿块，通常在甲状腺上方
  • 颈部疼痛(有时到耳朵)
  • Hoarseness
  • Problems swallowing
  • Difficulty breathing
  • A persistent cough
  • Enlarged lymph glands in the neck

Diagnosis

检查时可以感觉到甲状腺肿块. 它也可以在测试其他东西时看到. 医生会询问症状和过去的健康状况. 为了观察甲状腺的变化，医生可能会要求:

  • 验血——检查荷尔蒙变化
  • 影像学检查甲状腺，如:

A fine needle aspiration may be done. 它会取出一小块组织样本进行活组织检查. 组织将显示是否有癌细胞.

护理小组将使用所有测试结果来确定类型和 stage of cancer. Staging is used to guide treatment. Thyroid cancer is staged from 1 to 4. 停留在一个部位的癌症被称为第一阶段. Cancer that has spread to other 身体的一部分被称为第四阶段.

早期发现和治疗会带来更好的结果. The doctor 可以建议对甲状腺癌高危人群进行筛查试验吗. This may include a thyroid exam:

Treatment

治疗的目标是尽可能多地切除肿瘤 possible. Most thyroid cancers can be cured. 那些无法治愈的可能需要治愈 成功地延缓或阻止了癌症的扩散. Treatment depends on the stage and type of cancer. Options may include:

  • Thyroidectomy—Removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. 癌症可以扩散到颈部的淋巴结. Nearby nodes may be removed.
  • Radioactive iodine therapy—shrinks and 破坏癌症和甲状腺组织. 这有助于集中治疗甲状腺 不影响身体其他部位.
  • External radiation therapy—A radiation 光束从体外对准肿瘤. It will kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. 它可能只对某些类型的甲状腺癌有帮助.

化疗不常用于甲状腺癌. However, it may be used to treat 在体内扩散的癌症.

甲状腺的治疗和切除会影响体内激素的数量. Medicine 可能需要替代缺失或较低的激素.

Prevention

暴露于辐射是甲状腺癌的主要危险因素. 如果头部、颈部或甲状腺受到过辐射，应经常检查甲状腺 chest.

References

  • Follicular thyroid cancer. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:http://www.dynamed.com/condition/follicular-thyroid-cancer-21.
  • Laha D, Nilubol N, et al. New therapies for advanced thyroid cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:82.
  • Medullary thyroid cancer. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:http://www.dynamed.com/condition/medullary-thyroid-cancer.
  • Papillary thyroid cancer. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/condition/papillary-thyroid-cancer.
  • Thyroid cancer. American Cancer Society website. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/thyroid-cancer.html.
  • 甲状腺癌治疗(成人)(PDQ®)-健康 professional version. National Cancer Institute website. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov /类型/甲状腺/ hp / thyroid-treatment-pdq.

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